Well at least you somewhat understand where the problem lies instead of blindly saying that the rich should have their income taxed more. Very wealthy people may not have much income, but may have huge capital gains and capital gains is capped at a maximum taxation of 15%. If I buy 100 trillion dollars worth of stock and sell it a year later for 1 quadrillion dollars then I will only pay 15% tax on the 900 trillion I made. That's how the wealthy do it, they don't go out and get 9-5 jobs or cause themselves to have too much "Income".
If you tax the wealthy at say 90% and closed all the loopholes, you can be sure that all the wealthy people will leave the USA for some other place with less restrictive taxation. Look at New York, they increased the taxes and 30% of the rich left the state. This caused tax revenues to be even lower, the exact opposite effect as intended. While this may not be the case everywhere, in most places people are tightening their belts because they see what is happening.
The problem with the plan of borrowing in bad times and paying back during the good times is that it just never happens, we never pay off jack shit in the good times, we just keep spending. That is the core problem with Keynesian thought, that there is no limit to how far you can keep rolling over the debt into an ever larger genie in a bottle. Eventually that principal amount will have so much interest due that 100% taxation won't even cover the minimum payment.