I was just wondering if anyone knows or has a link to an explanation of how much penetration you get from a 400w MH / HPS.
It depends on how far away from the plant canopy it's used at.
HID lights (HPS and MH) and all single point light sources (except the sun) are all restricted in terms of their luminous flux by the 'light intensity = Output divided by distance squared'' rule.
So for a 400w HPS outputting something like 50,000 lumens at 1 foot distance, at 2 feet distance it will output 50,000 lumens divided by distance (2 foot, squared, so 2 x 2) = 50,000/2x2=12,500 lumens at 2 feet distance. At 3 foot it's the same so, 50,000/3x3= 5,555 lumens at 3 foot distance.
So that gives you an idea of how to calculate the light penetration of a 400w HPS.