I'm growing some veggies outside in DWC buckets. The air pump is the big expense. I'd reccomend getting the biggest one you can and using it to airate all your buckets, it's way cheaper than buying a bunch of little ones. It doesn't take that much O2 to saturate the water. The solubility of O2 is ~9.1mg/L at 20°C, it drops to 8.3mg/L at 25°, and starts dropping really fast beyond that. So temp control is important. My outdoor buckets are wrapped in insulation and white duct tape. It's doing pretty well and it's been in the mid 30s temp wise. I don't know if this will keep up, but the next step is to take bottles filled with ice and fishing sinkers (to keep them from floating and freezing roots).
Setting up an indoor garden costs more but can still be done for under $500. Especially if you look around for a used light. I just got a 1000W HPS for $100.