By the 2nd century
BCE Jewish groups had called the Bible books the "scriptures" and referred to them as "holy," or in Hebrew כִּתְבֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ (Kitvei hakkodesh), and Christians now commonly call the Old and New Testaments of the Christian Bible "The Holy Bible", in Greek (τὰ βιβλία τὰ ἅγια,
tà biblía tà ágia) or "the Holy Scriptures" (η Αγία Γραφή,
e Agía Graphḗ).
[12] The Bible was
divided into chapters in the 13th century by
Stephen Langton and into verses in the 16th century by French printer
Robert Estienne[13] and is now usually
cited by book, chapter, and verse.
The oldest extant copy of a complete Bible is an early 4th-century parchment book preserved in the
Vatican Library, and known as the
Codex Vaticanus. The oldest copy of the Tanakh in Hebrew and Aramaic dates to the 10th century CE. The oldest copy of a complete Latin (Vulgate) Bible is the
Codex Amiatinus, dating from the 8th century.
[14]